3,078 research outputs found
Ensemble Density Functional Theory for Inhomogeneous Fractional Quantum Hall Systems
The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) occurs at certain magnetic field
strengths B*(n) in a two-dimensional electron gas of density n at strong
magnetic fields perpendicular to the plane of the electron gas. At these
magnetic fields strengths, the system is incompressible, i.e., there is a
finite cost in energy for creating charge density fluctuations in the bulk,
while the boundary of the electron gas has gapless modes of density waves. The
bulk energy gap arises because of the strong electron-electron interactions.
While there are very good models for infinite homogeneous systems and for the
gapless excitations of the boundary of the electron gas, computational methods
to accurately model finite, inhomogeneous systems with more then about ten
electrons have not been available until very recently. We will here review an
ensemble density functional approach to studying the ground state of large
inhomogeneous spin polarized FQHE systems.Comment: 23 pages (revtex), 6 Postscript figures. To be published in Int. J.
Quant. Chem. (invited talk at the 1996 Sanibel Symposium
Spectroscopic Confirmation of the Cl 1604 Supercluster at z~0.9
We present spectroscopic confirmation of the Cl 1604 supercluster at z~0.9.
Originally detected as two individual clusters, Cl 1604+4304 at z = 0.90 and Cl
1604+4321 at z = 0.92, which are closely separated in both redshift and sky
position, subsequent imaging revealed a complex of red galaxies bridging the
two clusters, suggesting that the region contained a large scale structure. We
have carried out extensive multi-object spectroscopy, which, combined with
previous measurements, provides ~600 redshifts in this area, including 230
confirmed supercluster members. We detect two additional clusters that are part
of this structure, Cl 1604+4314 at z = 0.87 and Cl 1604+4316 at z = 0.94. All
four have properties typical of local clusters, with line-of-sight velocity
dispersions between 489 and 962 km/s. The structure is significantly extended
in redshift space, which, if interpreted as a true elongation in real space,
implies a depth of 93 Mpc. We examine the spatial and redshift distribution of
the supercluster members.Comment: Accepted to ApJ Letters. 4 pages with 3 figure
Global Distribution of Water Vapor and Cloud Cover--Sites for High Performance THz Applications
Absorption of terahertz radiation by atmospheric water vapor is a serious
impediment for radio astronomy and for long-distance communications.
Transmission in the THz regime is dependent almost exclusively on atmospheric
precipitable water vapor (PWV). Though much of the Earth has PWV that is too
high for good transmission above 200 GHz, there are a number of dry sites with
very low attenuation. We performed a global analysis of PWV with
high-resolution measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
(MODIS) on two NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites over the year of
2011. We determined PWV and cloud cover distributions and then developed a
model to find transmission and atmospheric radiance as well as necessary
integration times in the various windows. We produced global maps over the
common THz windows for astronomical and satellite communications scenarios.
Notably, we show that up through 1 THz, systems could be built in excellent
sites of Chile, Greenland and the Tibetan Plateau, while Antarctic performance
is good to 1.6 THz. For a ground-to-space communication link up through 847
GHz, we found several sites in the Continental United States where mean
atmospheric attenuation is less than 40 dB; not an insurmountable challenge for
a link.Comment: 15 pages, 23 figure
Review of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Primordial Abundances
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) is the synthesis of the light nuclei,
Deuterium, He3, He4 and Li7, during the first few minutes of the universe. This
review concentrates on recent improvements in the measurement of the primordial
(after BBN, and prior to modification) abundances of these nuclei. We mention
improvement in the standard theory, and the non-standard extensions which are
limited by the data. (abridged)Comment: 61 pages, to appear in Physica Script
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Where do electronic markets come from? Regulation and the transformation of financial exchanges
The practices of high-frequency trading (HFT) are dependent on automated financial markets, especially those produced by securities exchanges electronically interconnected with competing exchanges. How did this infrastructural and organizational state of affairs come to be? Employing the conceptual distinction between fixed-role and switch-role markets, we analyse the discourse surrounding the design and eventual approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Regulation of Exchanges and Alternative Trading Systems (Reg ATS). We find that the disruption of the exchange industry at the hands of automated markets was produced through an interweaving of both technological and political change. This processual redefinition of the ‘exchange’, in addition, may provide a suggestive precedent for understanding contemporary regulatory crises generated by other digital marketplace platforms
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